An international team of astronomers, led by Dr Iris de Ruiter—now based at the University of Sydney—has identified a binary star system composed of a white dwarf and a red dwarf emitting powerful radio pulses every two hours. These pulses, confirmed through optical and x-ray observations, mark the first time scientists have definitively traced the origin of such emissions, which have long puzzled astronomers across the Milky Way.
The breakthrough, published in Nature Astronomy, sheds light on a previously unexplained phenomenon: brief radio signals lasting from seconds to minutes, observed in the galaxy over the past few years. While several theories have been proposed, this is the first study to link these mysterious signals directly to a specific stellar source.
The discovery traces back to Dr de Ruiter's PhD research at the University of Amsterdam. In the final year of her doctorate, she developed a technique for searching historical data from LOFAR (the Low-Frequency Array telescope in the Netherlands) for short-duration radio pulses. During this work, she identified a distinct pulse in a 2015 dataset. Further analysis of the same region uncovered six additional pulses—all originating from a source known as ILTJ1101.
Subsequent observations using the 6.5-meter Multiple Mirror Telescope in Arizona and the Hobby-Eberly Telescope in Texas revealed that the source was not a single star but a binary system consisting of a white dwarf and a red dwarf orbiting each other every 125 minutes. Located approximately 1,600 light-years away in the direction of Ursa Major, this stellar pair likely generates radio waves through the interaction between the red dwarf and the intense magnetic field of the white dwarf.
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This interaction appears to be responsible for the regular bursts of radio energy, challenging the long-held assumption that only neutron stars—specifically pulsars—could produce such signals.
“We were able to piece together the puzzle using expertise from multiple branches of astronomy,” said Dr de Ruiter. “With each method and each observation, we got a little closer to understanding what we were seeing.”
Astronomers now plan to investigate the system's ultraviolet emissions, which could help determine the white dwarf’s temperature and offer insights into the lifecycle of these tightly bound stellar remnants.
The findings also mark a significant shift in the field. Until now, neutron stars were considered the primary producers of these kinds of radio pulses. Although similar systems have been observed, this study is the first to confirm that white dwarfs can also generate them.
“This discovery shows that neutron stars don't have a monopoly on bright radio pulses,” said co-author Dr Kaustubh Rajwade of the University of Oxford. “We suspect there are many more of these systems hidden in the LOFAR data, and each new one we find helps expand our understanding of how these signals are created.”
With new tools and improved techniques, astronomers are now combing through years of radio telescope data, hopeful that more discoveries like ILTJ1101 will rewrite what we know about the dynamic and sometimes unpredictable behavior of stars.
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